SAT Essay Sample - How Do I Use Science to Address the Space Issue?

<h1>SAT Essay Sample - How Do I Use Science to Address the Space Issue?</h1><p>A question that is often asked by understudies composing a SAT paper: How would I use science to address the space issue? By utilizing a sat exposition test to survey, you will increase extra data that can assist with tending to a portion of the science issues. Here, you will discover data on the most proficient method to compose a science question.</p><p></p><p>A space innovation paper can be an intriguing theme for a SAT exposition. A few understudies may ask 'How would I use science to address the space issue?'</p><p></p><p>An paper that tends to the space issue should be as exact as could reasonably be expected. In spite of the fact that the inquiry doesn't indicate the kind of science, it makes notice of explicit logical instruments or advancements. Utilizing such logical instruments or advances requires reliable discernment about how t o assess and decipher the information. This is the place SAT science exposition test questions can help you.</p><p></p><p>First, likewise with all article subjects, set aside the effort to survey all the speculations that science offers. Clarify your thinking in the most brief way conceivable. This will assist perusers with knowing precisely why you are tending to the space issue.</p><p></p><p>Second, while tending to the space issue, you ought to consistently utilize the data that is offered in the SAT exposition test and rundown your reasons. In the event that you don't give instances of what you mean, at that point the peruser will have no clue what you are talking about.</p><p></p><p>Last, likewise with all the SAT paper tests, you should include references where vital. For instance, if the exposition is tending to whether space investigation prompted the advancement of new, inventive space innovation, refer to the diary article or course book that discussions about the relationship between's space investigation and the improvement of new space innovation. Also, refer to your sources at whatever point possible.</p><p></p><p>The key to composing a SAT science paper that tends to the space issue is first deciding the kinds of science that would be utilized. At that point, applying these techniques will permit you to respond to the first inquiry, 'How would I use science to address the space issue?'</p><p></p><p>When it comes to SAT article subjects, there are scarcely any more convoluted than the space question. Nonetheless, this theme is one that has some extremely exact and significant issues. Understudies taking the SAT will be very much served by realizing how to address the inquiry utilizing a SAT article sample.</p>

Anaemia overview and treatment - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 26 Words: 7802 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? 1. Introduction Anaemia is a syndrome characterised by a lack of healthy red blood cells or haemoglobin deficiency in the red blood cells, resulting in inadequate oxygen supply to the tissues. The condition can be temporary, long-term or chronic, and of mild to severe intensity. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Anaemia overview and treatment" essay for you Create order There are many forms and causes of anaemia. Normal blood consists of three types of blood cells: white blood cells (leucocytes), platelets and red blood cells (erythrocytes). The first generation of erythrocyte precursors in the developing foetus are produced in the yolk sac. They are carried to the developing liver by the blood where they form mature red blood cells that are required to meet the metabolic needs of the foetus. Until the 18th week of gestation, erythrocytes are produced only by liver after which the production shifts to the spleen and the bone marrow. The life of a red blood cell is about 127 days or 4 months (Shemin and Rittenberg, 1946; Kohgo et al., 2008). The main causes of anaemia are blood loss, production of too few red blood cells by the bone marrow or a rapid destruction of cells. Haemoglobin, a protein, present in the red blood cells is involved in the transport of oxygen from the lungs to all the other organs and tissues of the body. Iron is an important constituent of the haemoglobin protein structure which is intimately involved in the transport of oxygen. Anaemia is generally defined as a lower than normal haemoglobin concentration. The normal blood haemoglobin concentration is dependent on age and sex, and, according to the World Health Organisation (WHO) Expert Committee Report, anaemia results when the blood concentration of haemoglobin falls below 130 g/L in men or 120 g/L in non-pregnant women (WHO, 1968). However, the reference range of haemoglobin concentration in blood could vary depending on the ethnicity, age, sex, environmental conditions and food habits of the population analysed. According to Beutler and Warren (2006), more reasonable benchmarks for anaemia are 137 g/L for white men aged between 20 and 60 years and 132 g/L for older men. The value for women of all ages would be 122 g/L. Also, the lower limit of normal of haemoglobin concentrations of African Americans are appreciably lower than that of Caucasians (Beutler and Warren, 2006). Besides the well recognised iron deficiency anaemia, several inherited anaemias are also known. These are mostly haemoglobinopathies. Adult haemoglobin is a tetrameric haeme-protein. Abnormalities of beta-chain or alpha-chain produce the various medically significant haemoglobinopathies. The variations in amino acid composition induced genetically impart marked differences in the oxygen carrying properties of haemoglobin. Mutations in the haemoglobin genes cause disorders that are qualitative abnormalities in the synthesis of haemoglobin (e.g., sickle cell disease) and some that are quantitative abnormalities that pertain to the rate of haemoglobin synthesis (e.g., the thalassemias) (Weatherall., 1969). In SCD, the missense mutation in the ÃŽÂ ²-globin gene causes the disorder. The mutation causing sickle cell anemia is a single nucleotide substitution (A to T) in the codon for amino acid 6. The substitution converts a glutamic acid codon (GAG) to a valine codon (GTG). The form of haemoglobin in persons with sickle cell anemia is referred to as HbS. Also, the valine for glutamic acid replacement causes the haemoglobin tetramers to aggregate into arrays upon deoxygenation in the tissues. This aggregation leads to deformation of the red blood cell making it relatively inflexible and restrict its movement in the capillary beds. Repeated cycles of oxygenation and deoxygenation lead to irreversible sickling and clogging of the fine capillaries. Incessant clogging of the capillary beds damages the kidneys, heart and lungs while the constant destruction of the sickled red blood cells triggers chronic anaemia and episodes of hyperbilirubinaemia. Fanconi anaemia (FA) is an autosomal recessive condition, and the most common type of inherited bone marrow failure syndrome. The clinical features of FA are haematological with aplastic anaemia, myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) being increasingly present in homozygotes (Tischkowitz and Hodgson, 2003). Cooleys anaemia is yet another disorder caused by a defect in haemoglobin synthesis. Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia is a syndrome in which individuals produce antibodies directed against one of their own erythrocyte membrane antigens. The condition results in diminished haemoglobin concentrations on account of shortened red blood cell lifespan (Sokol et al., 1992). Megaloblastic anaemia is a blood disorder in which anaemia occurs with erythrocytes which are larger in size than normal. The disorder is usually associated with a deficiency of vitamin B12 or folic acid . It can also be caused by alcohol abuse, drugs that impact DNA such as anti-cancer drugs, leukaemia, and certain inherited disorders among others (Dugdale, 2008). Malaria causes increased deformability of vivax-infected red blood cells (Anstey et al., 2009). Malarial anaemia occurs due to lysis of parasite-infected and non-parasitised erythroblasts as also by the effect of parasite products on erythropoiesis (Ru et al., 2009). Large amounts of iron are needed for haemoglobin synthesis by erythroblasts in the bone marrow. Transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) expressed highly in erythroblasts plays an important role in extracellular iron uptake (Kohgo et al., 2008). Inside the erythroblasts, iron transported into the mitochondria gets incorporated into the haeme ring in a multistep pathway. Genetic abnormalities in this pathway cause the phenotype of ringed sideroblastic anemias (Fleming, 2002). The sideroblastic anemias are a heterogeneous group of acquired and inherited bone marrow disorders, characterised by mitochondrial iron overload in developing red blood cells. These conditions are diagnosed by the presence of pathologic iron deposits in erythroblast mitochondria (Bottomley, 2006).    2. Classification of anaemia Anaemia can be generally classified based on the morphology of the red blood cells, the pathogenic spectra or clinical presentation (Chulilla et al., 2009). The morphological classification is based on mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and comprises of microcytic, macrocytic and normocytic anaemia. (a) Microcytic anaemia refers to the presence of RBCs smaller than normal volume, the reduced MCV ( 82 fL) reflecting decreased haemoglobin synthesis.   Thus, it is usually associated with hypochromic anaemia. Microcytic anaemia can result from defects either in iron acquisition or availability (Iolascon et al., 2009), or disorders of haeme metabolism or globin synthesis (Richardson, 2007). The differential diagnosis for microcytic anaemia includes iron deficiency anaemia (IDA), thalassaemia, anaemia of chronic disorders (ACD), and rarely sideroblastic anaemia (Chulilla et al., 2009). Microcytosis without anaemia is characteristic of thalassaemia trait. The red blood cell distribution width (RDW) obtained with haematological analysers provides the index of dispersion in the erythrocyte distribution curve and complements MCV values. RDW is helpful to differentiate between thalassaemia and IDA. RDW is normal in thalassemia; on the contrary, microcytic anemia with RDW 15 would p robably indicate IDA (Chulilla et al., 2009). In macrocytic anaemia, erythrocytes are larger (MCV 98 fL) than their normal volume (MCV = 82-98 fL). Vitamin B12 deficiency leads to delayed DNA synthesis in rapidly growing hematopoietic cells, and can result in macrocytic anemia. Drugs that interfere with nucleic acid metabolism, such as.hydroxyurea increases MCV ( 110 fL) while alcohol induces a moderate macrocytosis (100-110 fL). In the initial stage, most anaemias are normocytic. The causes of normocytic anaemia are nutritional deficiency, renal failure and haemolytic anemia (Tefferi, 2003). The most common normocytic anaemia in adults is anaemia of chronic disease (ACD) (Krantz, 1994). Common childhood normocytic anaemias are, besides iron deficiency anaemia, those due to acute bleeding, sickle cell anemia, red blood cell membrane disorders and current or recent infections especially in the very young (Bessman et al., 1983). Homozygous sickle cell disease is the most common cause of haemolytic normocytic anemias in children ( Weatherall DJ, 1997a). In practice, the morphological classification is quicker and therefore, more useful as a diagnostic tool. Besides, MCV is also closely linked to mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), which denotes mean haemoglobin per erythrocyte expressed in picograms (Chulilla et al., 2009). Thus, MCV and MCH decrease simultaneously in microcytic, hypochromic anemia and increase together in macrocytic, hyperchromic anemia. Pathogenic classification of anaemia is based on the production pattern of RBC: whether anaemia is due to inadequate production or loss of erythrocytes caused by bleeding or haemolysis. This approach is useful in those cases where MCV is normal. Pathogenic classification is also essential for proper recognition of the mechanisms involved in the genesis of anaemia. Based on the pathogenic mechanisms, anaemia is further divided into two types namely, (i) hypo-regenerative in which the bone marrow production of erythrocytes is decreased because of impaired function, decreased number of precursor cells, reduced bone marrow infiltration, or lack of nutrients; and (ii) regenerative: when bone marrow upregulates the production of erythrocytes in response to the low erythrocyte mass (Chulilla et al., 2009). This is typified by increased generation of erythropoietin in response to lowered haemoglobin concentration, and also reflects a loss of erythrocytes, due to bleeding or haemolysis. The r eticulocyte count is typically higher. Sickle cell disease is characterised by sickled red cells.   The first report of SCD was published a century ago noting the presence of peculiar elongated cells in blood by James Herrick, an American physician (1910). Pauling et al. (1949) described it as a molecular disease. The molecular nature of sickle haemoglobin (Hb S) in which valine is substituted for glutamic acid at the sixth amino acid position in the beta globin gene reduces the solubility of Hb, causing red cells to sickle (Fig. 1). Sickling of cells occurs at first reversibly, then finally as a state of permanent distortion, when cells containing HbS and inadequate amounts of other haemoglobins including foetal haemoglobin, which retards sickling, become deoxygenated (Bunn, 1997). The abnormal red cells break down, leading to anaemia, and clog blood vessels with aggregates, leading to recurrent episodes of severe pain and multiorgan ischaemic damage (Creary et al., 2007). The high levels of inflammatory cytokines in SCD may promote retention of iron by macrophage/reticuloendothelial cells and/or renal cells. SCD care commonly depends on transfusion that results in iron overload (Walter et al., 2009). 3. Pathogenesis of anaemia Anaemia is a symptom , or a syndrome, and not a disease (Chulilla et al., 2009). Several types of anaemia have been recognised, the pathogenesis of each being unique. Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) is the most common type of anaemia due to nutritional causes encountered worldwide (Killip et al., 2008). Iron is one of the essential micronutrients required for normal erythropoietic function While the causes of iron deficiency vary significantly depending on chronological age and gender, IDA can reduce work capacity in adults (Haas Brownlie, 2001) and affect motor and mental development in children (Halterman et al., 2001). The metabolism of iron is uniquely controlled by absorption rather than excretion (Siah et al., 2006). Iron absorption typically occurring in the duodenum accounts for only 5 to 10 per cent of the amount ingested in homoeostatis. The value decreases further under conditions of iron overload, and increases up to fivefold under conditions of iron depletion (Killip et al., 2008). Iron is ingested as haem iron (10%) present in meat, and as non-haem ionic form iron (90%) found in plant and dairy products. In the absence of a regulated excretion of iron through the liver or kidneys, the only way iron is lost from the body is through bleeding and sloughing of cells. Thus, men and non-menstruating women lose about 1 mg of iron per day while menstruating women could normally lose up to 1.025 mg of iron per day (Killip et al., 2008). The requirements for erythropoiesis   which are typically 20-30 mg/day   are dependent on the internal turnover of iron (Munoz et al., 2009) For example, the amount of iron required for daily production of 300 billion RBCs (20-30 mg) is provided mostly by recycling iron by macrophages (Andrews, 1999). Iron deficiency occurs when the metabolic demand for iron exceeds the amount available for absorption through consumption. Deficiency of nutritional intake of iron is important, while abnormal iron absorption due to hereditary or acquired iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia (IRIDA) is another important cause of unexplained iron deficiency. However, IDA is commonly attributed to blood loss e.g., physiological losses in women of reproductive age. It might also represent occult bleeding from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract generally indicative of malignancy (Hershko and Skikne, 2009). Iron absorption and loss play an important role in the pathogenesis and management of IDA. Human iron disorders are necessarily disorders of iron balance or iron distribution. Iron homeostasis involves accurate control of intestinal iron absorption, efficient utilisation of iron for erythropoiesis, proper recycling of iron from senescent erythrocytes, and regulated storage of iron by hepatocytes and macrophages (Andrews, 2008). Iron deficiency is largely acquired, resulting from blood loss (e.g., from intestinal parasitosis), from inadequate dietary iron intake, or both. Infections, for example, with H pylori, can lead to profound iron deficiency anemia without significant bleeding. Genetic defects can cause iron deficiency anaemia. Mutations in the genes encoding DMT1 (SLC11A2) and glutaredoxin 5 (GLRX5) lead to autosomal recessive hypochromic, microcytic anaemia (Mims et al., 2005). Transferrin is a protein that keeps iron nonreactive in the circulation, and delivers iron to cells possessing specific transferrin receptors such as TFR1 which is found in largest amounts on erythroid precursors. Mutations in the TF gene leading to deficiency of serum transferrin causes disruption in the transfer of iron to erythroid precursors thereby producing an enormous increase in intestinal iron absorption and consequent tissue iron deposition (Beutler et al., 2000). Quigley et al. (2004) found a haem exporter, FLVCR, which appears to be necessary for normal erythroid development. Inactivation of FLVCR gene after birth in mice led to severe macrocytic anaemia, indicating haem export to be important for normal erythropoiesis. The anaemia of chronic disease (ACD) found in patients with chronic infectious, inflammatory, and neoplastic disorders is the second most frequently encountered anaemia after iron-deficiency anaemia. It is most often a normochromic, normocytic anaemia that is primarily caused by an inadequate production of red cells, with low reticulocyte production (Krantz, 1994). The pathogenesis of ACD is unequivocally linked to increased production of the cytokines including tumour necrosis factor, interleukin-1, and the interferons that mediate the immune or inflammatory response. The various processes leading to the development of ACD such as reduced life span of red cells, diminished erythropoietin effect on anaemia, insufficient erythroid colony formation in response to erythropoietin, and impaired bioavailability of reticuloendothelial iron stores appear to be caused by inflammatory cytokines (Means, 1996;2003). Although iron metabolism is characteristically impaired in ACD, it may not play a key role in the pathogenesis of ACD (Spivak, 2002). Neither is the lack of available iron central to the pathogenesis of the syndrome, according to Spivak (2002), who found reduced iron absorption and decreased erythroblast transferrin-receptor expression to be the result of impaired erythropoietin production and inhibition of its activity by cytokines. However, reduced erythropoietin activity, mostly from reduced production, plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of ACD observed in systemic autoimmune diseases (Bertero and Caligaris-Cappio, 1997). Indeed, iron metabolism as well as nitric oxide (NO), which contributes to the regulation of iron cellular metabolism are involved in the pathogenesis of ACD in systemic autoimmune disorders. Inflammatory mediators, particularly the cytokines, are important factors involved in the pathogenesis of the anaemia of chronic disease, as seen in rheumatoid arthritis anaemia (Baer et al., 1990), the cytokines causing impairment of erythroid p rogenitor growth and haemoglobin production in developing erythrocytes.   Anaemia is also commonly found in cases of congestive heart failure (CHF), again caused by excessive cytokine production leading to reduced erythropoietin secretion, interference with erythropoietin activity in the bone marrow and reduced iron supply to the bone marrow (Silverberg et al., 2004). However, in the presence of chronic kidney insufficiency, abnormal erythropoietin production in the kidney plays a role in the pathogenesis of anaemia in CHF. The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are common haematological malignancies affecting mostly the elderly as age-related telomere shortening enhances genomic instability (Rosenfeld and List, 2000). Radiation, smoking and exposure to toxic compounds e.g., pesticides, organic chemicals and heavy metals, are factors promoting the onset of MDS via damage caused to progenitor cells, and, thereby, inducing immune suppression of progenitor cell growth and maturation. TNF- and other pro-apoptotic cytokines could play a central role in the impaired haematopoiesis of MDS (Rosenfeld and List, 2000). Premature intramedullary cell death brought about by excessive apoptosis is another important pathogenetic mechanism in MDS (Aul et al., 1998).   Sickle cell disease (SCD) arising from a point mutation in the ÃŽÂ ²-globin gene and leading to the expression of haemoglobin S (HbS) is the most common monogenetic disorder worldwide. Chronic intravascular haemolysis and anaemia are some important characteristics of SCD. Intravascular haemolysis causes endothelial dysfunction marked by reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and NO resistance, leading to acute vasoconstriction and, subsequently, pulmonary hypertension (Gladwin and Kato, 2005).    However, a feature that differentiates SCD from other chronic haemolytic syndromes is the persistent and intense inflammatory condition present in SCD. The primary pathogenetic event in SCD is the intracellular polymerisation or gelation of deoxygenated HbS leading to rigidity in erythrocytes (Wun, 2001). The deformation of erythrocytes containing HbS is dependent on the concentration of haemoglobin in the deoxy conformation (Rodgers et al., 1985). It has been demonstrated that sickle monocytes are activated which, in turn, activate endothelial cells and cause vascular inflammation. The vaso-occlusive processes in SCD involve inflammatory and adhesion molecules such as the cell adhesion molecules (CAM family), which play a role in the firm adhesion of reticulocytes and leukocytes to endothelial cells, and the selectins, which play a role in leukocyte and platelet rolling on the vascular wall (Connes et al., 2008). Thus, inflammation, leucocyte adhesion to vascular endothelium, and subsequent endothelial injury are other crucial factors contributing to the pathogenesis of SCD (Jison et al., 2004). 4. Current therapies for clinical management of sickle cell diseaseincludingacritical appraisal of transfusion Between 1973 and 2003, the average life expectancy of a patient with SCD increased dramatically from a mere 14 years to 50 years thanks to the development of comprehensive care models and painstaking research efforts in both basic sciences especially molecular and genetic studies, and clinical aspects of SCD (Claster and Vichinsky, 2003). The clinical manifestations of SCD are highly variable. Both the phenotypic expression and intensity of the syndrome are vastly different among patients and also vary longitudinally within the same patient (Ballas, 1998). New pathophysiological insights available have enabled treatments to be developed for the recognised haematologic and nonhaematologic abnormalities in SCD (Claster and Vichinsky, 2003). The main goals of SCD treatment are symptom alleviation, crises avoidance and effective management of disease complications. The strategy adopted is primarily palliative in nature, and consists of supportive, symptomatic and preventative approaches to therapy. Symptomatic management includes pain mitigation, management of vasoocclusive crisis, improving chronic haemolytic anaemia, treatment of organ failure associated with the disease, and detection and treatment of pulmonary hypertension (Distenfeld and Woermann, 2009). The preventative strategies include use of prophylactic antibiotics (e.g., penicillin) in children, prophylactic blood transfusion for prevention of stroke in patients especially young children who are at a very high risk of stroke, and treatment with hydroxyurea of patients experiencing frequent acute painful episodes (Ballas, 2002). Currently, curative therapy for sickle cell anaemia is only available through bone marrow and stem cell transplantation. Hematopoietic cell transplantation using stem cells from a matched sibling donor has yielded excellent results in paediatric patients (Krishnamurti, 2007). Curative gene therapy is still at the exploratory stage (Ballas, 2002). Current and potential therapies The potential treatment strategies basically target cellular dehydration, sickle haemoglobin concentrations, endothelial dysfunction, and abnormal coagulation regulation (Claster and Vichinsky, 2003). HbS concentrations are essentially tackled through transfusions while approaches to reduce HbS polymerisation which is the main mechanism for the development of vaso-occlusion include (a) increasing foetal haemoglobin (HbF) concentration using hydroxyurea (Fig. 2), butyrate, or erythropoietin, and (b) preventing sickle cell dehydration using Clotrimazole (Fig. 3) or Mg2+pidolate. Hydroxyurea therapy increases the production of HbF in patients with sickle cell anaemia, and, thereby, inhibits the polymerisation of HbS and alleviates both the haemolytic and vaso-occlusive manifestations of the disease (Goldberg et al., 1990). Recombinant erythropoietin also increases the number of reticulocytes with HbF. Additionally, it has been observed that administration of intravenous recombinant eryt hropoietin with iron supplementation alternating with hydroxyurea enhances HbF levels more than hydroxyurea alone (Rodgers et al., 1993). As SCD is essentially characterized by an abnormal state of endothelial cell activation   that is, a state of inflammation, a pharmacologic approach to inhibit endothelial cell activation has proved clinically beneficial (Hebbel and Vercellotti, 1997). Thus, administration of sulfasalazine which is a powerful inhibitor of activation of nuclear factor (NF)-B, the transcription factor promoting expression of genes for a number of pro-adhesive and procoagulant molecules on endothelium to humans has been found to provide transcriptional regulation of SCD at the endothelium level (Solovey et al., 2001). Red blood cell transfusion : a critical appraisal A key therapy that is applied regularly in the clinical management of patients with SCD is packed red blood cell transfusion. RBC transfusion improves the oxygen-carrying capacity which is achieved by enhancing the haemoglobin levels, causes dilution of HbS concentration thereby, reducing blood viscosity and boosting oxygen saturation. Furthermore, RBC transfusion is helpful in suppressing endogenous production of sickle RBCs by augmenting tissue oxygenation ( Josephson et al., 2007). There are two major types of RBC transfusion therapy: intermittent and chronic which are further classified as prophylactic or therapeutic. Intermittent transfusions are generally therapeutic in nature and administered to control acute manifestations of SCD whereas chronic transfusions are performed as general preventative measures to check complications of SCD. RBC transfusion given as a single dose is termed as simple transfusion. Exchange transfusion involves administration of a larger volume of RBCs replacing the patients RBCs that are simultaneously removed. Details of the various types of RBC transfusion and the major clinical indications for the same in SCD patients are listed in Table 1. SCD (Source: Josephson et al., 2007) Indications for Intermittent transfusions Indications for intermittent transfusions include acute manifestations of SCD, as indicated in Table 1, that require redressal through therapeutic transfusions. However, under certain circumstances intermittent transfusions could be prophylactic such as for instance, when SCD patients are transfused before specific surgeries viz., those related to pregnancy complications or renal failure (Table 1). Acute Chest Syndrome (ACS) describes a manifestation of SCD in which, due to sickling, infectious and noninfectious pulmonary events are complicated, resulting in a more severe clinical course. The diagnosis is the presence of a new infiltrate on chest radiography that is accompanied by acute respiratory symptoms. ACD accounts for nearly 25% of all deaths from SCD (Vichinsky, 2002). Repeated episodes of ACS are associated with an increased risk of chronic lung disease and pulmonary hypertension (Castro, 1996). The severe pulmonary events occurring in SCD may be precipitated by any trigger of hypoxia (Vichinsky, 2002). Transfusions are very efficacious and provide immediate benefit by reversing hypoxia in ACS. Transfusion of leucocyte-poor packed red cells matched for Rh, C, E, and Kell antigens can curtail antibody formation to below 1% (Vichinsky, 2002). Simple transfusions suffice for less severe cases; however, exchange transfusion is recommended to minimise the risk of increased viscosity. Also, chronic transfusion appears promising for prevention of recurrence in selected patients (Styles and Vichinsky, 1994). In a multicentre ACS trial, prophylactic transfusion was found to almost completely eliminate the risk of pulmonary complications (Vichinsky, 2002). Acute Symptomatic Anaemia arises in SCD as a result of blood loss, increased RBC destruction, suppression of erythropoiesis etc. and is effectively treated with intermittent transfusion of RBCs to relieve symptoms of cardiac and respiratory distress (Josephson et al., 2007). Aplastic Anaemia is commonly caused in SCD on account of infection of haematopoietic precursors in the bone marrow by Parvovirus B19 leading to a steep fall in RBCs. According to Josephson et al. (2007), therapeutic intermittent transfusion of RBCs is again the recommended first-line of treatment to improve total haemoglobin count and prevent cardiac decompensation. However, in those patients who are prone to fluid overload on account of cardiac or renal dysfunction an alternative transfusion strategy is to remove the whole blood and replace it with packed cells while avoiding the addition of excess volume (Josephson et al., 2007). Acute Stroke is a high risk especially in paediatric SCD cases because of elevated cerebral flow. Enormous decline in stroke rate have occurred in children receiving intermittent simple transfusion (Adams et al., 1998). However, the identification of the stroke type would be necessary in all SCD patients in order to determine the appropriate treatment approach since the occurrence of infarctive strokes is higher in children as opposed to a higher incidence of haemorrhagic strokes in adults (Adams, 2003). Indications for Chronic Transfusions Prophylactic chronic RBC transfusion every 3 to 4 weeks to maintain HbS levels lower than 30% is crucial for preventing first as well as recurrent strokes in children (Johnson et al., 2007). The transfusions could either be chronic simple transfusion or prophylactic chronic RBC exchange transfusion. Prophylactic chronic transfusions are recommended for patients with chronic renal failure so as to avoid severe symptomatic anaemia and for those patients with SCD undergoing pregnancy with complications. However, prophylactic transfusion is not indicated for SCD patients with normal pregnancy (Tuck et al., 1987). Controversial and indeterminate indications for intermittent or chronic transfusion According to Hankins et al. (2005), chronic transfusion therapy is helpful in reducing the incidence of strokes in children but not the severity of strokes. In the case of acute priapism, improvement in patients has been observed after exchange or simple transfusion (Rifikind   et al., 1979). Yet, due to the ASPEN syndrome, transfusion currently is only a second-line therapy in the management of priapism ( Miller et al., 1995). RBC transfusion is a vital component in the management of symptoms and complications of SCD. It has drastically reduced the morbidity and mortality of SCD. Yet, immune-related effects such as FNHTRs and alloimmunisation to HLAs,   and nonimmune-related effects e.g., iron overload and transfusion-transmitted infections are serious adverse effects of the transfusion therapy that need to be attended to in SCD patients receiving transfusion (Johnson et al., 2007). Chronic transfusions could result in an inexorable accumulation of tissue iron that could become fatal if not treated (Cohen, 1987). Excess iron damages the liver, endocrine organs, and heart and may be fatal by adolescence (Engle, 1964). 5. Critical review of thalassemias : (i) Molecular pathogenesis The large number of inherited haemoglobin disorders known today include (a) those related to anomalies in the haemoglobin structure e.g., sickle cell disease, and (b) the thalassemias whose hallmark is globin-chain deficiency of one or other of the globin chains of adult haemoglobin in erythroid cells. ÃŽÂ ²-Thalassaemias These are a set of genetic disorders inherited as simple codominant traits affecting haemoglobin synthesis. Depending on the haemoglobin chain affected, 2 types of thalassemia are recognised: ÃŽÂ ±-thalassaemia and ÃŽÂ ²-thalassaemia. Homozygous ÃŽÂ ²-thalassaemia is marked by a quantitative deficiency of the ÃŽÂ ²-globin chains in the erythroid cells. A complete absence of the ÃŽÂ ²-globin chains occurs in homozygous ÃŽÂ ²o-thalassaemia whereas in homozygous ÃŽÂ ²+-thalassaemia the ÃŽÂ ²-globin chains are present at less than 30% of normal. Accounting for nearly 90% of the cases, ÃŽÂ ²+-thalassaemia is the most commonly observed form of ÃŽÂ ²-thalassaemia. The condition is termed thalassaemia major when there is microcytic hypochromic anaemia with severe haemolysis, hepatosplenomegaly, skeletal deformities and iron overload. ÃŽÂ ²-thalassaemia homozygotes exhibit severe transfusion-dependent anaemia in the very first year of life. Homozygotic individ uals having a relatively benign clinical phenotype and surviving with or without transfusion are described as thalassaemia intermedia (Weatherall, 1969). The thalassaemias, thus, encompass a wide gamut of clinical disability from intrauterine death to a mild anaemia with no overt symptoms (Weatherall, 1997b). The coexistence of   ÃŽÂ ± -thalassaemia leading to reduction in the synthesis of ÃŽÂ ±-globin chains, and a genetic predisposition to produce high levels of HbF, could be important factors for the extensive phenotypic variability described above (Weatherall, 1996). The milder form of thalassaemia intermedia is the result of a lesser imbalance in globin chain synthesis probably the result of residual ÃŽÂ ² -globin chain synthesis due to mild mutation or due to reduced synthesis of ÃŽÂ ±-globin chains due to co-inheritance of ÃŽÂ ±-thalassaemia (Nadkarni et al., 2001). Persons having the heterozygous form of the disorder are usually asymptomatic but can be recognised by typical abnormalities of red cell morphology (shown in Fig.4) and indices (Spritz and Forget, 1983). Compared to the heterozygous form of ÃŽÂ ²-thalassaemia, a larger imbalance exists in the ÃŽÂ ±- to ÃŽÂ ²-globin chain synthesis in the homozygous ÃŽÂ ²-thalassemia or Cooley anaemia. The excess ÃŽÂ ±-globin chains are liable to precipitate, causing damage to the ÃŽÂ ²-thalassemic red cell membrane and affecting erythropoiesis. Important manifestations of homozygous ÃŽÂ ²-thalassemia are severe chronic microcytic haemolytic anaemia and hepatosplenomegaly due to extramedullary haematopoiesis (Spritz and Forget, 1983). (Source: Weatherall, 1997b) As many as 175-200 molecular mutations affecting the ÃŽÂ ²-globin gene complex are involved in creating the ÃŽÂ ²-thalassaemia syndromes with the resultant altered synthetic ratios of ÃŽÂ ±- to ÃŽÂ ²-globin chains, precipitation of excess unbalanced ÃŽÂ ±-globin chains, and programmed cell death of erythroid precursors (Steinberg and Rodgers, 2001; Gambari, 2010). Hence, the pathogenetic basis of the clinical diversity of the ÃŽÂ ²-thalassaemia syndromes essentially rests with the striking heterogeneity of mutations in the ÃŽÂ ²-globin gene (Thein, 1993). The -158 (C ÃÆ'   T) substitution in the GÃŽÂ ³ gene has been found to be linked to the increase in HbF synthesis leading to less severe disease in thalassaemia intermedia (Gilman and Huisman, 1985; Ragusa et al., 1992). Red blood cell transfusion and iron overload Regular RBC transfusions have proved to be efficacious in the treatment of ÃŽÂ ²-thalassemia by nullifying the complications of anaemia and compensatory bone marrow (BM) expansion. However, thalassaemias are also complicated by physiological iron overload which gets exacerbated by blood transfusion and causes various endocrine diseases, liver cirrhosis, cardiac failure and also death (Engle, 1964). Complemented with iron-chelating therapy (e.g., deferoxamine) for iron overload, the prognosis of thalassemia major has become dramatic (Olivieri and Brittenham, 1997).  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Recently, the mechanism of iron overload in the absence of transfusion in thalassaemia has been unraveled by Tanno et al. (2007) who observed that the overproduction of the protein GDF15 suppresses the production of the liver protein, hepcidin in thalassaemia patients which eventually leads to an increase in the uptake of dietary iron in the gut. This information could translate into new diagnostic and therapeutic tools in the future. 6. Critical review of thalassemias : (ii) Clinical management therapies ÃŽÂ ²-thalassaemia syndromes are the most common genetic diseases worldwide. Improvements in treatment strategies have resulted in good prognosis. Yet, disease- and treatment-related complications get exacerbated over time, increasing morbidity and curtailing life expectancy of the patients. Currently, the only curative treatment available for thalassaemia is stem cell transplantation (SCT) (Gaziev et al., 2008) which is a gold standard in treating the disease. Many challenges exist for transplantation therapy including graft versus host disease (GVHD), rejection of the donated stem cells, and infections while a major limitation for SCT is finding HLA-matched blood-related donors viz., siblings. Currently available high-resolution HLA-typing could minimise rejection and GVHD by matching major as well as minor HLA antigens (Gaziev et al., 2008). The advanced techniques of HLA-typing can also identify unrelated but suitable voluntary donors. Intermittent red blood cell transfusion is the recommended mode of treatment for people who have moderate or severe thalassaemias. ÃŽÂ ²-thalassemia major, or Cooleys anaemia require regular blood transfusions. Emerging Gene Therapies Gene therapy for treatment of thalassaemia is still evolving. Research is focussed on finding a potential treatment of ÃŽÂ ² -thalassemia based on globin gene transfer. One of the aims of the genetic research is to trigger the production of HbF in adults to make up for the lack of healthy adult haemoglobin. The molecular mechanisms that initiate the change in gene expression during the switch from foetal (HbF) to adult (HbA) have been partially elucidated. Several chemical compounds able to reactivate HbF synthesis in vitro and in vivo in adult bone marrow have been identified (Testa, 2009). Induction of HbF to treat thalassaemia is a novel therapeutic strategy especially for those patients who are resistant to conventional therapy that is, regular blood transfusions and chelation therapy (Gambari, 2010). Chemical inducers of foetal haemoglobin In view of the fact that gene therapy could be inaccessible to many because of biological/genetic as well as economic constraints (Gambari, 2010), chemical inducers are being extensively studied. Hydroxyurea has already been used as HbF inducer in both moderate and severe forms of ÃŽÂ ²-thalassaemia (Testa, 2009). Some of the potential inducers of HbF are histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, DNA-binding drugs and inhibitors of the mTOR pathway (Gambari and Fibach, 2007). Also, according to Gambari and Fibach (2007) chemical inducers need to be used with caution since many of those used so far were potentially cytotoxic. Erythropoietin suppression of apoptosis Accelerated apoptosis has been observed in the erythroid progenitors of patients with ÃŽÂ ²-thalassaemia major (Silva et al., 1996). The hormone erythropoietin (Epo), which is the principal regulator of red blood cell production, is known to interact with high-affinity receptors on the surface of erythroid progenitor cells and promote cell viability. Epo has been shown to repress apoptosis via Bcl-XL and Bcl-2 during proliferation and differentiation of erythroid progenitors (Silva et al., 1996). Hence, recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo) could have potential application in the treatment of transfusion-dependent thalassaemia patients as it promotes the differentiation and proliferation of erythroid cells, and stimulates the production of HbF (Makis et al., 2001). 7. Conclusion Inherited haemoglobinopathies including sickle cell disease and thalassaemias result from genetic abnormalities in the synthesis of globin protein chains. SCD is caused by structural defects in the haemoglobin molecule while thalassaemias occur due to reduced or absent globin chain. Only bone marrow or haematopoietic stem cell transplantation can cure patients with either disease. Clinical management of SCD generally involves supportive therapy consisting of pain relief, fluids and antibiotics, and folic acid supplements. Cases with severe complications such as stroke, acute chest syndrome or frequent painful sickling crises are treated with hydroxyurea. Intermittent red cell transfusion is administered to most patients, pre-surgery and in specific cases of severe complications. The only cure available currently for ÃŽÂ ²-thalassaemia major is afforded by haematopoietic stem cell transplantation from a compatible donor. Most thalassaemia patients require regular transfusions of red cells and all patients need iron chelation therapy to overcome iron overload.      References Adams R, 2003, Haemoglobinopathies, Haematology (Am Soc Haematol Educ Program) 14- 39. Adams R, McKie V, Brambilla D, et al., 1998, Stroke prevention trial in sickle cell anaemia, Control Clin Trials 19:110- 129. Andrews NC, 1999, Disorders of iron metabolism, N Engl J Med, 341:1986-1995. Andrews NC, 2008, Forging a field: the golden age of iron biology, Blood, 112(2): 219-230. Anstey NM, Russel B, Yeo TW et al., 2009, The pathophysiology of vivax malaria, Trends Parasitol., 25(5):220-227. Aul C, Bowen DT Yoshida Y, 1998, Pathogenesis, etiology, and epidemiology of myelodysplastic syndromes, Haematologica, 83(1): 71-86. Ballas SK, 1998, Sickle cell disease: clinical management, Baillieres Clinical   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Haematology, 11 (1): 185-214. 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MakisAC, ChaliasosN, Hatzimichael EC et al., 2001, Recombinant human erythropoietin therapy in a transfusion-dependent ÃŽÂ ²-thalassaemia major patient, Annals of Haematology, 80(8):492-495. Means RT Jr., 1996, Advancement in the anemia of chronic disease: A cytokine- mediated anemia, Stem Cells, 13(1): 32-37. Means RT Jr., 2003, Recent developments in the anemia of chronic disease, Current   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Hematology Reports, 2(2):116-121. Miller S, Rao S, Dunn K, et al., 1995, Priapism in children with sickle cell disease, J   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Urol, 154:844- 847. Mims MP, Guan Y, Pospisilova D, et al., 2005, Identification of a human mutation of DMT1 in a patient with microcytic anemia and iron overload, Blood,105:1337- 1342. MuÃÆ' ±oz M, Villar I GarcÃÆ' ­a-Erce JA, 2009, An update on iron physiology, World J Gastroenterol, 15(37): 4617-4626. 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Scholarship Essay Examples - What Do You Know About Writing A Scholarship Essay?

Scholarship Essay Examples - What Do You Know About Writing A Scholarship Essay?Need help writing a scholarship essay? Then you're in luck. If you need help with this, a number of scholarship essay examples are available online. Read on to learn about some samples.There are various kinds of scholarships and there are scholarships for different purposes. Scholarships for minority students, for example, may be different from scholarships for women in technical fields. The same is true for scholarships for first-generation college students. These scholarships are awarded to specific groups or they may be non-competitive and awarded to those who have some sort of special skills. Sometimes, the types of scholarships are restricted by the competition - there is a limit on the number of scholarships available each year.A lot of scholarship essay examples come from popular magazines and newspapers. The writers can benefit from these sources. Of course, the writing is not as good as having yo ur scholarship money and having your time and resources free. But, it's a great way to get ideas for essays and information that are related to the purpose of the scholarship.Obviously, the majority of people are looking for assistance for certain types of scholarship that are available for different people. The words you use and the topics you are researching may influence the focus of your essay. The words you use and the topics you're researching should reflect what the author is trying to accomplish in writing the essay.Scholarship essay examples for scholarships for minority students may be about inclusiveness, family, politics, and the nature of college. The writer needs to be able to talk about the main ideas without seeming like an outsider or without sounding like they're trying to come off as a jerk. The information needed should relate to the situation, not necessarily to the author themselves. It should reflect the author's personality and capabilities and should present their perspective.Scholarship examples for women in technology may be different than scholarships for technical or science fields. They may have to do with the types of things women in technology do. For example, there may be gender-related issues, such as raising children or working in the home. In addition, there may be something about how technology has affected society. There are a lot of ways that a scholarship essay for women in technology may have to do with politics, family and being in a certain industry.The essay doesn't have to be just about you. You can use the information that's written about you as a resource. Maybe you have a specific skill that can be applied to an industry or can show the purpose of your specialty. Or, maybe you have a story that needs to be told, or you're a part of a group or a company that the writer wants to illustrate. In any case, scholarship essay examples have the advantage of not making you sound like you're bragging about yourself.There i s no substitute for your own experiences or knowledge when getting help. Use your own experiences, education and resources to write your scholarship essay. The writer who makes sense of the materials and gets it all together will win the attention of the school or college. Scholarship essay examples are valuable resources for help writing a well-written scholarship essay.

Drug Glucose Lowering Agents For Treating People With...

Cite the study of article Lo C, Toyama T, Hirakawa Y, Jun M, Cass A, Hawley C, Pilemore H, Badev SV, Percovic V, Zoungas S. Insuline Glucose lowering agents for treating people with diabetics and chronic Kidney disease. Cochrane Database of systematic reviews 2015, Issue 8. Art. No. CD011798. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD011798. Literature review Diabetes is highly prevalent condition, affecting 8.2 % of adults globally or 382 million people. Incidence is increasing with a estimated global prevalence of 592 million people by 2035. It further results in Chronic kidney disease further may lead to ESKD(End-Stage Kidney Disease). Diabetics is the most common cause of CKD, and accounts upto 60% of people who develop ESKD. Pharmacological interventions used to improve glucose control include both oral glucose lowering agents and injectables including glucose like peptide insulin. Apart from insulin the choice of available pharmacological interventions to treat diabetics has expanded rapidly over the past decade. Till date, the efficacy safety of these therapies have not been well documented in people with diabetics CKD. Purpose of Article: To examine the efficacy and safety of insulin and other pharmacological interventions for lowering glucose-lowering levels in patients with diabetics and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). It becomes really challenging to achieve normal glucose level in patients with diabetic CKD. The development progression of CKD result inShow MoreRelatedInvestigatory Project4554 Words   |  19 PagesResearch II Reina Regina S. Camus Researcher March 2012 ACKNOWLEDGMENT For the successful completion of the study, the researcher would like to express her deepest gratitude to all the people who patiently helped her in making this study possible especially to her ever-loving and caring parents who supported her morally and financially. To thank her teacher in Research II, Ms. Liza Castor for her outstanding guidance and untiring supportRead MoreBANANA AND WOUND HEALING7392 Words   |  30 Pagesand dysentery and on ulcers; cooked flowers are given to diabetics; the astringent plant sap in cases of hysteria, epilepsy, leprosy, fevers, hemorrhages, acute dysentery and diarrhea, and it is applied on hemorrhoids, insect and other stings and bites; young leaves are placed as poultices on burns and other skin afflictions; the astringent ashes of the unripe peel and of the leaves are taken in dysentery and diarrhea and used for treating malignant ulcers; the roots are administered in digestiveRead MoreSample Lit Review on Hypertension11736 Words   |  47 Pagessocioeconomic changes. 2.1 Background to the literature review The occurrence of hypertension, a chronic condition, is increasing in developing countries such as Thailand due to the sociological, political and economic changes and the associated alterations in people’s lifestyles. This follows similar trends in western countries (National Economic and Social Development Board 1997). These lifestyle changes can cause chronic health problems, as a result of poor habits in food and alcohol consumption, lack ofRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 PagesC—Public Health Workforce Subtitle D—Adapting Workforce to Evolving Health System Needs TITLE III—PREVENTION AND WELLNESS TITLE IV—QUALITY AND SURVEILLANCE TITLE V—OTHER PROVISIONS Subtitle A—Drug Discount for Rural and Other Hospitals; 340B Program Integrity Subtitle B—Programs Subtitle C—Food and Drug Administration Subtitle D—Community Living Assistance Services and Supports Subtitle E—Miscellaneous DIVISION D—INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT TITLE I—AMENDMENTS TO INDIAN LAWS TITLE II—IMPROVEMENT

The Strategic Management

Question : Discuss about the Strategic Management ? Answer : Introduction One of the most reputed and renowned company in the oil and gas sector belonging to Australia is Woodside Petroleum. It was founded in the year 1954 and the headquarters of the company is located at Woodside Plaza located in Australia (Woodside.com.au, 2016). The company is owned by Royal Dutch Shell and the company is listed on the Australian Securities Exchange (Woodside.com.au, 2016). The operating profit of the company is 26 million US$ in the year 2015. The company has exploration, operations and development of liquefied natural gas projects in countries such as Canada, US, New Zealand, Korea, Ireland and others (Woodside.com.au, 2016). This paper would analyze various aspects of this organization including business strategies, criticisms, organizational culture and business environment analysis. Business Strategies of Woodside Petroleum Woodside Petroleum is a worldwide popular oil and gas organization which is considered as one of the largest operator of the oil as well as gas production (Woodside.com.au, 2016). The company has different projects in remote regions of Western Australia such as North West Shelf and Pluto projects (Woodside.com.au, 2016). These projects are one of the premium natural gas facilities in the world and have given superior performance in the last 30 years. The vision of Woodside Petroleum include that the company aspires to become the world leader in the development and distribution of oil and gas (Woodside.com.au, 2016). The mission includes the company strives to deliver the superior return policy to large number of stakeholders (Woodside.com.au, 2016). The strategic direction of the company is aimed at maintaining its market position in Australia by the optimization of assets as well as commercialization of the premium opportunities (Woodside.com.au, 2016). The core values of Woodside Petroleum include respect, integrity, discipline, sustainability, team work and excellence (Woodside.com.au, 2016). There are several competitors of the organization including ROC Oil Co. Ltd, ExxonMobil Australia Pty Ltd and China Petroleum. The business strategies of the company have evolved through the years. The business strategies of the company have displayed a progressive set of actions that have focussed on the business development of the organization. During the year 1979, the company gained approvals for commencing the North West Shelf Gas Project (Woodside.com.au, 2016). The organization has engaged in the business contract of Liquefied Natural Gas with eight Japanese firms (Woodside.com.au, 2016). It constantly looks for lucrative firms with which it can make profitable business opportunities. Woodside Petroleum is constantly looking for new exploration sites which would be lucrative options for the organization. This has resulted the organization to locate various condensate fields and oil fields. The company believes in the fact that it is important to discover new oil fields for the purpose of gaining competitive advantage. This drives the company to constantly search and scrutinise new oil fields (Woodside .com.au, 2016). This eagerness of the company has resulted in the discovery of Laverda oil field, Cossack oil field, Hermes oil fields, Laminaria oil field and others. At the present, the company has adopted a different set of business strategies. It has adopted three core values in their organizational policy such as portfolio growth, leveraging organizational capability and maximising the value of core assets (Woodside.com.au, 2016). The organization has positioned itself with expanding asset base as well as distinctive capabilities that are necessary for organizational success. This has been done by the increased adoption of the latest technologies. The organization has adopted the liquefaction technologies as well as LNG technologies for greater automation in their business processes (Woodside.com.au, 2016). The technology adoption has also resulted in the establishment of the remote operations in the offshore oil projects (Woodside.com.au, 2016). This has reduced the operational costs of the company as well as increased the organizations maintenance outcome. The company concentrates on the Australian region, Sub-Saharan Africa and the Atlantic regions. It strives to be the reputed emerging petroleum provinces (Woodside.com.au, 2016). Woodside Petroleum strives to expand its business operation networks and hence it has created an extensive network of exploration assets in locations such as Spain, Peru, Brazil, Ireland and others (Woodside.com.au, 2016). Criticism of business practices The multinational companies have always faced multiple challenges when aiming for business expansions (Kumar et al., 2013). There can be stiff resistance when implementing new organizational policies. The challenges can also be related to the day to day functioning of the organization. The same holds true for Woodside Petroleum. In the past, it was severely criticized for under-performance. The competitors of the company have not performed well and this has proved advantageous to the company. It has failed to revive the quality of their operational procedures and hence it holds the second position in the Australian economy. There are two instances during which the companys business decisions were severely criticized (Woodside.com.au, 2016). The first instance which proved to be troublesome for the company was when the Mauritian leader Ely Ould Mohamed Vall announced that the contracts made with Woodside Petroleum. The issue began when Woodside Petroleum agreed to pay US$600 million for developing the Chinguetti Offshore Oil Project in Mauritania (Aguilera et al., 2012). The Mauritanian government has claimed that Woodside Petroleum has signed the agreement beyond the legal framework. The company was accused of bribery and corruption when entering into the trade agreements. The organization was unable to portray ethical business practices when dealing with foreign government. The Australian Federal Police accused Woodside Petroleum of corruption as well as bribery, which was reported by the Sunday Morning Herald (Woodside.com.au, 2016). The BBC News reported the company performed outside the legal purview which caused great trouble for the organization. The second instance when Woodside Petroleum faced severe public criticism was when it made deceptive public comments (Sridhar and Jone, 2013). The criticism was done by the industry entity- Australian Conservation Foundation. The Foundation accused the company by stating that the company made unnecessary exaggeration in the public which did not match with the statements given to the investors and other stakeholders. The different statements made by the company in the public were contradictory and this caused huge trouble to the company. Theprimary aim of the company was to gain free carbon permits and this was the primary reasons for the deceptive statements, as claimed by the Conservation Foundation (Woodside.com.au, 2016). In the year 2009, the Australian Conservation Foundationlodges an official complaintagainst Woodside Petroleum. The federal consumer affairs were also involved for taking suitable action against the company. The company has faced criticisms from the customers, external stakeholders, legal institutions, industry experts and others. This caused negative brand image of the company. The legal proceedings and the controversy have impacted the reputation of the company. It has also caused major financial loss of the company. Business Environment Analysis of Woodside Petroleum The external as well as internal business environment of Woodside Petroleum needsto be analyzed for understanding the strategic business position in the oil and gas industry. The four analytical tools are used for this purpose such as PESTEL analysis, SWOT analysis, internal environment analysis and specific environment analysis. Political factors The oil as well as gas industry is influenced by the different political factors such as political instability, government regulations and geopolitical conflicts (North et al., 2014). Economic factors There is close relationship with the oil prices and value of US dollar that affect the pricing regulation of the company. The central value influences the dollar value which is an important factor in the pricing strategy of the oil and gas products (North et al., 2014). The factors such as shadow banking system, global economic crisis and recession also play a major role in shaping the business policies of Woodside Petroleum (Azar, 2015). Social factors There has been an increase in the awareness of the environment friendly fuels, increased awareness of the natural gas products and decreasing dependence on the fossil fuels (Stigka, Paravantis and Mihalakakou, 2014). These factors influence the manufacturing and the distribution of the oil as well as gas organizations. Technological factors There are some advanced technological factors which affect the oil and gas industry such as 3D printers, remote inspection, imaging technologies, data mapping and autonomous vehicles. Environmental factors The environmental factors such as heavier fuels usage, oil spills and refined petroleum spills affect the human as well as animal life to a great extent (Doerffer, 2013). The oil and gas pipelines have affected the natural water bodies such as rivers, oceans and cropland. Legal factors The legal framework involves the gas regulations, oil regulations and the natural gas regulations that determine the nature of the business policies of the company (North et al., 2014). It is also important to put emphasis on the intellectual property rights. The customers have displayed an increased consumption pattern for the oil as well as gas products (Clark, Horner and Harto, 2013). There has been an increase in the related industries that rely on the oil and gas products for making their manufacturing products. The functioning of this industry is being affected by partners, customers, unions, and competitors. The industry relies heavily on the supply chain process and hence the companies design their policies accordingly. Internal environmental analysis The internal business environment of Woodside Petroleum comprises of different entities such as process, employees, operations and the management. The aim of the process is to increase the production of the firm so that there is increased profitability of the firm (Sholarin and Awange, 2015). The operation process comprises of the division of labor and optimum utilization of the organizational resources (Sholarin and Awange, 2015). The managers strive to enhance the productivity of the employees thereby leading to the success of the organization. The primary purpose of the management function is the amalgamation of the major job roles in the organization by focusing on team work. SWOT analysis The SWOT analysis of the firm is depicted as below- STRENGHTS WEAKNESS Premium quality products Market leader High innovation Largest producer- LNG Reputed oil exploration process Years in design engineering Legal issues Issues relating to land acquisition Faulty oil mist detector Damaging effect on brand reputation Hurdles regarding James Price Gas OPPORTUNITIES THREATS Expand capabilities of natural gas products More exploration of the oil reserves High prices for the oil and gas products Increasing demand from developing economies High tendency of natural disasters Increased risk of operating risks Demand and supply shocks Political threat Drilling difficulties in unfamiliar geographical domains Fig: SWOT analysis of Woodside Petroleum Source: Created by author Organizational Culture The organizational culture of Woodside Petroleum comprises of the respect, integrity, discipline, sustainability and excellence (Woodside.com.au, 2016). The company believes in these core values and tries to implement them in the organization. The organizational culture of the company makes it sure that the quality of the internal environment is fair, honest and open (Bayzakova, 2014). The company also makes it a point to motivate the employees so that they can stick together for a longer duration. This in turn increases the productivity of the employees and this is beneficial from an organizational point of view. The director of the company Michael A Chaney has displayed significant leadership capabilities (Woodside.com.au, 2016). He is a democratic leader who strives to gain consensus through the process of participation. The person has involved his subordinates in the decision-making process of the organization. Mr. Chaney tries to give equal importance to the contribution of his team and their viewpoints are considered while formulating important decisions (Woodside.com.au, 2016). It is true that he takes into account the verdict of his employees, however, he takes the final decisions. He is also engaged in the delegation of authority to his subordinates. This is done after determining the best person for carrying out the specific job roles. Ms. Sarah Ryan have displayed more than 15 years of experience in the oil and gas sector (Woodside.com.au, 2016). She has displayed facilitative leadership. Her leadership style is people centered and she strives to develop an organizational culture that would facilitate goal achievement. She focusses on fostering team work in the organization along with enriching workplace culture. She also emphasizes on the change management process in the organization and has displayed effective leadership on these matters. Michigan Studies of Leadership has been followed for designing the leadership structure of the organization (Sholarin and Awange, 2015). This group of studies have helped the company to identify the principles of the different leadership styles which would be best suited to the organization. This would increase the organizational productivity as well as increase the motivation of the employees. The organizational leaders focus more on the human resources aspect of the organization. It values its employees and tries to create an enriching organizational culture. The senior leaders demonstrate participative leadership in the organization. Conclusion Woodside Petroleum is a reputed organization in the oil and gas sector which has implemented good organizational policies. The senior leaders of the company have displayed democratic leadership as well as facilitative leadership which has given due importance to the employees of the organization. The company has also faced several criticisms in the recent past which has also impacted the brand image of the organization. The internal environment as well as external environment analysis is done with the help of several tools such as PESTEL, SWOT and others. The analysis of the macro environment as well as internal environment would help the company in formulating efficient operation policies. The organizational culture of the company is enriching and it provides excellent human resources policies. This report would broaden the understanding of the organizational policies of Woodside Petroleum. References Aguilera, R.F., Eggert, R.G., CC, G.L. and Tilton, J.E., 2012. Is Depletion Likely to Create Significant Scarcities of Future Petroleum Resources?. InNon-Renewable Resource Issues(pp. 45-82). Springer Netherlands. Azar, S., 2015. The Relation of the US Dollar with Oil Prices, Gold Prices, and the US Stock Market.Research in World Economy, 6(1). Bayzakova, A., 2014. The Uncertain Future of Australian LNG Projects: The Use of Scenario Building in Strategic Management. Clark, C.E., Horner, R.M. and Harto, C.B., 2013. Life cycle water consumption for shale gas and conventional natural gas.Environmental science technology,47(20), pp.11829-11836. Doerffer, J.W., 2013.Oil spill response in the marine environment. Elsevier. Kumar, V., Sharma, A., Shah, R. and Rajan, B., 2013. Establishing profitable customer loyalty for multinational companies in the emerging economies: a conceptual framework.Journal of International Marketing,21(1), pp.57-80. North, D.W., Stern, P.C., Webler, T. and Field, P., 2014. Public and stakeholder participation for managing and reducing the risks of shale gas development.Environmental science technology,48(15), pp.8388-8396. Sholarin, E.A. and Awange, J.L., 2015. Broad Framework for Environmental Project Management. InEnvironmental Project Management(pp. 93-107). Springer International Publishing. Sridhar, K. and Jones, G., 2013. The three fundamental criticisms of the Triple Bottom Line approach: An empirical study to link sustainability reports in companies based in the Asia-Pacific region and TBL shortcomings.Asian Journal of Business Ethics,2(1), pp.91-111. Stigka, E.K., Paravantis, J.A. and Mihalakakou, G.K., 2014. Social acceptance of renewable energy sources: A review of contingent valuation applications.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,32, pp.100-106. Woodside.com.au, 2016.Woodside Energy | Home. [online] Woodside.com.au. Available at: https://www.woodside.com.au [Accessed 10 Dec. 2016].

The Battle Over Outline of Research and How to Win It

The Battle Over Outline of Research and How to Win It Research paper outline examples are easily found over the web. Research papers are a main portion of the educational procedure, and lots of instructors require students to make available an outline of their research paper before they actually write it. It is not a task for one day. An individual should realize that every Research Paper is a sophisticated writing because it must contain distinctive research and distinctive idea. The paper should get off to a good beginning when it comes to clarifying unfamiliar information as not to depart from your readers puzzled. Research Paper preparation means handling a great deal of information. For a lengthier paper, it is vital, or you will get overwhelmed by the sheer quantity of information that you must assimilate, and write down. In order to start outlining the research paper, determine why you're researching the subject. The target of any very good research undertaking, par ticularly at the Masters level, is to run into a theory or hypothesis that has not yet been tested as of yet. Whether you do a very simple research or a complicated one for a larger project, a research outline can help you receive the best outcomes. As the project is underway you might discover the should revise your methodology. The issue is divided into the statement of the issue and the importance of the study. The Hidden Truth About Outline of Research No matter the section, there are particular qualities that every component of the research paper outline should have. The write-up covers its most important elements and offers valuable examples. Outlining the sections right at the start of writing research paper can help you to keep up a suitable structure for the whole write up. For the methodology, determine the plan of the study is often the toughest portion. To utilize APA paper outline or a different style, you have to read many samples of such documents. APA form at is well-known among students because of its simple guidelines and approach. An outline is essential for all kinds of research papers. Completing an MLA outline will make sure your research paper format is accurate. For your research paper example to get going, you will have to announce your introduction with few sentences that show what type of research questions you're going to be asking. Read everything you may see in your field of interest. For some of them you will require help, while others you may write all on your own. It is possible to easily depend on us to find essay help as we have a tendency to assist and guide the students with the assistance of our professional experts. Specify the question your research will answer, establish the reason it's a substantial question, show how you're likely to answer the question, and indicate what you expect we'll learn. The literature review has to be planned in order to know where you're likely to get sources from to be a ble to strengthen your arguments and comprehension of the topic. Now, your thesis will evolve and get refined as you finish your research and writing, but you should get started with your thesis so that you know where you're going. After reading the thesis, there ought to be no doubt precisely what the research will be about. These steps outline a very simple and beneficial strategy for writing a research paper. The outline may be used from both professionals and students looking to compose a formal proposal. You are able to also describe the reach of your research. Conducting a research isn't any doubt an elaborate affair and with all these tasks to do, it isn't uncommon to eliminate consistency if there's no outline. Finding the Best Outline of Research An outline is crucial when a student has to manage a concise assignment of 1000 words or less. It's only feasible to generate an outline when you have familiarity with the subject. You can also see speech outline. An o utline will help to specify the way a student will build other significant sections including Literature Review. You could also see chapter outline. An excellent guide is roughly two paragraphs per page. Additionally, among the crucial purposes of an outline is to clearly convey the relationship between the thesis and every one of the topic sentences. The entire sentence outline format is basically the exact same as the Alphanumeric outline.

Help Me Find a Literary Topic For a Research Paper About Poes Works

Help Me Find a Literary Topic For a Research Paper About Poe's WorksWhat I am going to do in this article is to tell you that you can find a literary topic for a research paper about poe's works. This can be done by researching these works on your own or getting help from others who have already done their research on the subject. Both options are fine, but finding a literary topic for a research paper about poe's works should be a matter of your preference.If you have decided to search for a literary topic for a research paper about poe's works, the first thing you need to do is decide what type of literature you would like to research. One option would be for you to do a scholarly or academic type of study, where you would gather the relevant information and then make a report about the topic. If you are not comfortable doing that type of study, there are other options available as well. You could choose to write a creative essay, which basically means you would write about the top ic in your own words, as an essay, even though you are writing from an academic viewpoint.Another option available is to do a creative writing based on the academic literature on the topic. This option is very popular with those who wish to write an essay without necessarily having a full-blown thesis to prove their position. On the other hand, if you are a full-fledged scholar, you may want to do a more researched and scholarly article on the topic of your choice.A third option you have is to decide what type of literary topic you would like to do. This can be done by choosing the type of literature that you want to cover and by looking at the topics for these works. If you have decided to research poe's works for your research paper, you will want to choose a literature that pertains to the subject you are researching.There are also books written about historical fiction, which you may want to look into. If you happen to know about a literary topic that pertains to this subject, i t may be much easier for you to decide which one to do. In the end, though, it is up to you to decide what you would like to do with your research.If you choose a literary topic that pertains to the subject you are researching, you need to determine how you would like to approach the topic. You could talk to professionals about this topic, research the subject in the bookstore and internet, or look online for topics and related literature. This is a matter of your choice.If you have decided on a literary topic for a research paper about poe's works, the next step would be to organize your findings. You will need to choose a topic and gather the necessary information to write about the topic. Once you have gathered all of the required information, you can choose to either present your findings as a thesis or as an essay based on your research.